{"id":1384,"date":"2023-04-13T16:38:59","date_gmt":"2023-04-13T13:38:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/?p=1384"},"modified":"2024-04-13T16:40:46","modified_gmt":"2024-04-13T13:40:46","slug":"%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1384","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 <sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b (Modernization Theory). .<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 &#8220;\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632&#8221; \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a (\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b .<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (Neo-Marxism) \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a (Radical Political Economics) \u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062a \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Dependency Theory) . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0648 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\u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p>&#8221; \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 &#8230;. \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c 40000 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 65% \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631&#8221; <sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>) <\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u063a\u0641\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u00a0\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0633. \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 803\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2005. \u0635 186.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f(1902-1972) \u060c \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648 (1916- 2003\u0645) \u060c \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f (1917 &#8211; 1998) .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1916 \u062d\u062a\u0649 2003\u0645. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643 (Andr\u00e9 Gunder Frank): \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1929 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2005\u060c\u00a0 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 : \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629( 1968)\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641: \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 ( 1970)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062b (1971)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a 1500-1800(1977\u0645) \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639(1978) \u060c \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (1981) \u060c \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f(1985).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a>([5]) \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u201c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (63) \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1984\u0645\u060c \u0635 37.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><sup>(<\/sup>[6]<sup>)<\/sup> \u0623\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u201c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (107)\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1992\u0645\u060c \u0635 38.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u064a \u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 .\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060cwww.albaath.news.sy\/user<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0646\u064a \u060c\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 ( 132)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c 1988\u060c \u0635 98- 99.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 194.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 106.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 188.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f: \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 : \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1384","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-political-concepts"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1384","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1384"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1384\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1386,"href":"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1384\/revisions\/1386"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1384"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1384"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1384"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}